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Amitesh Prasad

Hidden Struggles of Indian Sex Workers: Understanding Abuse and Violence




Indian Female on Boat

India’s sex workers are in need of our attention. They face a unique array of challenges; often marginalized and subjected to various forms of abuse and violence. This article delves into the lives of these individuals, examining the multifaceted abuse they endure, the socio-economic factors at play, and potential pathways to reform. By shedding light on these hidden struggles, we aim to foster a deeper understanding and empathy towards one of the most vulnerable groups in society.



Historically, sex work in India has been shaped by cultural practices such as the Devadasi system, where young girls were dedicated to deities and then often subjected to a life of ritualized prostitution. Over time, these cultural attitudes have evolved, but they have left a lasting impact on how sex workers are perceived and treated in society. Today, India’s sex workers come from diverse backgrounds, encompassing various ages, genders, and regions. The legal status of sex work remains complex, with sex work itself being legal but associated activities such as brothel-keeping and pimping being criminalized, which creates a precarious environment for those in the industry. Despite these challenges, sex workers have shown remarkable resilience, adapting to changing circumstances and advocating for their rights.


Indian Sex workers face a spectrum of abuse, ranging from physical violence to economic exploitation. A study conducted in Chennai revealed that 98% of female sex workers (FSWs) reported severe physical violence by intimate partners. Sexual violence is also rampant, with 77% experiencing verbal threats and 87% facing physical force from intimate partners, while 73% were coerced into unwanted sexual acts by clients. These statistics highlight the severe and pervasive nature of abuse within the sex work industry. Emotional and psychological abuse further compounds their trauma, as sex workers often endure stigma and discrimination that severely impact their mental health. Economic exploitation is another critical issue, with many sex workers trapped in debt bondage and extreme poverty. Alcohol consumption is prevalent among sex workers, with 39% consuming alcohol before meeting clients and 26% reporting that their drunkenness triggered client violence, illustrating the complex interplay between substance use and vulnerability to abuse.


The findings from the Chennai study underscore the urgent need for integrated services and public health interventions to protect sex workers from violence. Recognizing the multiple identities of women in the contexts of intimate relationships versus sex work is vital in helping them stay safe and healthy. This recognition is not just a matter of policy, but a fundamental human rights issue. Mainstream discussions on gender-based violence often overlook this marginalized and vulnerable community. Despite the Supreme Court’s mandate that sex workers should be treated with respect and free from police interference in consensual sex work, instances of violation by the police are not unusual. Police often misuse their power by harassing sex workers or demanding unnecessary monetary compensation from clients, directly affecting the workers. Instances of police violence are not limited to client harassment but extend to broader abuses of power. Criminalizing sex work further marginalizes these individuals, depriving them of civil rights, public healthcare, education, protection, and the freedom to live respectfully in society. It pushes them towards greater exploitation, abuse, and injustice.


Several socio-economic factors contribute to the abuse and violence faced by sex workers. Poverty and lack of education are primary drivers, forcing many individuals into sex work as a means of survival. The intersection of socio-economic status and vulnerability to abuse is stark, as those from marginalized communities are more likely to be exploited. Human trafficking further exacerbates the situation, with traffickers employing various mechanisms of control and exploitation to keep sex workers in bondage. Legal and institutional barriers also play a significant role, with the criminalization of associated activities creating a hostile environment where law enforcement officials often exploit and harass sex workers instead of protecting them. Instances of police violence and demands for monetary compensation from clients are common, directly impacting the lives and safety of sex workers.


Addressing the abuse and violence faced by sex workers requires comprehensive legal reforms, socio-economic empowerment, and public awareness campaigns. Legal changes are essential to protect the rights and safety of sex workers, ensuring they are treated with dignity and respect. Despite the Supreme Court’s mandate that sex workers should be treated with respect and be free from police interference in consensual sex work, instances of police violence and judicial insensitivity persist. Socio-economic empowerment programs, including education, vocational training, and economic opportunities, can help sex workers transition to other forms of employment and break the cycle of exploitation. Accessible mental health care and support services are crucial, as they provide the necessary resources to address the trauma and emotional distress experienced by sex workers. However, the role of community-based organizations cannot be overstated. They play a vital role in offering safe spaces and support, helping sex workers navigate their complex realities. It’s through these community efforts that we can truly make a difference in the lives of sex workers.


Public awareness and advocacy are key to changing societal attitudes towards sex workers. Campaigns and advocacy efforts can reduce stigma and discrimination, fostering a more inclusive society that respects and supports every individual. Media and public discourse have a significant role in shaping perceptions, and positive portrayals can contribute to a shift in how sex workers are viewed and treated. It’s crucial that we all play a part in this, from policymakers to social workers to the general public.


Understanding the abuse and violence faced by India’s sex workers is the key in addressing their needs and rights. By exploring the various dimensions of their struggles, we can figure out a way towards creating a safer, more equitable environment for these individuals. Through legal reforms, socio-economic empowerment, and increased public awareness, we can help dismantle the systemic barriers that perpetuate abuse and violence against sex workers. It’s time to take their struggles seriously and work together to create a more connected and caring world. Recognizing their multiple identities and providing integrated services are essential steps in protecting sex workers from violence and improving their overall well-being. Let’s start by reaching out to marginalized communities, advocating for their rights, and fostering an inclusive society that respects and supports every individual.

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